keyboard_tab Digital Market Act 2022/1925 EN
BG CS DA DE EL EN ES ET FI FR GA HR HU IT LV LT MT NL PL PT RO SK SL SV print pdf
- 1 Article 2 Definitions
- 1 Article 8 Compliance with obligations for gatekeepers
- 1 Article 14 Obligation to inform about concentrations
- 1 Article 31 Periodic penalty payments
CHAPTER I
SUBJECT MATTER, SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER II
GATEKEEPERS
CHAPTER III
PRACTICES OF GATEKEEPERS THAT LIMIT CONTESTABILITY OR ARE UNFAIR
CHAPTER IV
MARKET INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER V
INVESTIGATIVE, ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORING POWERS
CHAPTER VI
FINAL PROVISIONS
- gatekeeper
- core platform service
- information society service
- digital sector
- online intermediation services
- online search engine
- online social networking service
- video-sharing platform service
- number-independent interpersonal communications service
- operating system
- web browser
- virtual assistant
- cloud computing service
- software application stores
- software application
- payment service
- technical service supporting payment service
- payment system for in-app purchases
- identification service
- end user
- business user
- ranking
- search results
- data
- personal data
- non-personal data
- undertaking
- control
- interoperability
- turnover
- profiling
- consent
- national court
- General
- Active end users
- Active business users
- Submission of information
- Specific definitions
- article 58
- shall 39
- means 36
- number 34
- core_platform_services 32
- end_users 29
- commission 27
- pursuant 26
- unique 26
- undertaking 25
- regulation 25
- european 23
- information 23
- business_users 22
- services 22
- gatekeeper 22
- council 21
- least 21
- parliament 21
- ‘active 20
- service 20
- oj l 19
- data 18
- which 18
- year 18
- advertising 17
- such 17
- once 16
- measures 16
- through 16
- decision 16
- month 15
- during 14
- including 14
- relevant 14
- provided 13
- providing 13
- and 12
- within 12
- directive 12
- core_platform_service 12
- active 12
- intermediation 12
- end_users’ 11
- directive 11
- point 11
- //ec 10
- example 10
- under 10
- concentration 10
Article 2
Definitions
For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:
(1) | ‘ gatekeeper’ means an undertaking providing core_platform_services, designated pursuant to Article 3; |
(2) | ‘ core_platform_service’ means any of the following:
|
(3) | ‘ information_society_service’ means any service as defined in Article 1(1), point (b), of Directive (EU) 2015/1535; |
(4) | ‘ digital_sector’ means the sector of products and services provided by means of, or through, information_society_services; |
(5) | ‘ online_intermediation_services’ means online_intermediation_services as defined in Article 2, point (2), of Regulation (EU) 2019/1150; |
(6) | ‘ online_search_engine’ means an online_search_engine as defined in Article 2, point (5), of Regulation (EU) 2019/1150; |
(7) | ‘ online_social_networking_service’ means a platform that enables end_users to connect and communicate with each other, share content and discover other users and content across multiple devices and, in particular, via chats, posts, videos and recommendations; |
(8) | ‘ video-sharing_platform_service’ means a video-sharing_platform_service as defined in Article 1(1), point (aa), of Directive 2010/13/EU; |
(9) | ‘ number-independent_interpersonal_communications_service’ means a number-independent_interpersonal_communications_service as defined in Article 2, point (7), of Directive (EU) 2018/1972; |
(10) | ‘ operating_system’ means a system software that controls the basic functions of the hardware or software and enables software_applications to run on it; |
(11) | ‘ web_browser’ means a software_application that enables end_users to access and interact with web content hosted on servers that are connected to networks such as the Internet, including standalone web_browsers as well as web_browsers integrated or embedded in software or similar; |
(12) | ‘ virtual_assistant’ means a software that can process demands, tasks or questions, including those based on audio, visual, written input, gestures or motions, and that, based on those demands, tasks or questions, provides access to other services or controls connected physical devices; |
(13) | ‘ cloud_computing_service’ means a cloud_computing_service as defined in Article 4, point (19), of Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council (24); |
(14) | ‘ software_application_stores’ means a type of online_intermediation_services, which is focused on software_applications as the intermediated product or service; |
(15) | ‘ software_application’ means any digital product or service that runs on an operating_system; |
(16) | ‘ payment_service’ means a payment_service as defined in Article 4, point (3) of Directive (EU) 2015/2366; |
(17) | ‘technical service supporting payment_service’ means a service within the meaning of Article 3, point (j), of Directive (EU) 2015/2366; |
(18) | ‘ payment_system_for_in-app_purchases’ means a software_application, service or user interface which facilitates purchases of digital content or digital services within a software_application, including content, subscriptions, features or functionality, and the payments for such purchases; |
(19) | ‘ identification_service’ means a type of service provided together with or in support of core_platform_services that enables any type of verification of the identity of end_users or business_users, regardless of the technology used; |
(20) | ‘ end_user’ means any natural or legal person using core_platform_services other than as a business_user; |
(21) | ‘ business_user’ means any natural or legal person acting in a commercial or professional capacity using core_platform_services for the purpose of or in the course of providing goods or services to end_users; |
(22) | ‘ ranking’ means the relative prominence given to goods or services offered through online_intermediation_services, online_social_networking_services, video-sharing_platform_services or virtual_assistants, or the relevance given to search_results by online_search_engines, as presented, organised or communicated by the undertakings providing online_intermediation_services, online_social_networking_services, video-sharing_platform_services, virtual_assistants or online_search_engines, irrespective of the technological means used for such presentation, organisation or communication and irrespective of whether only one result is presented or communicated; |
(23) | ‘ search_results’ means any information in any format, including textual, graphic, vocal or other outputs, returned in response to, and related to, a search query, irrespective of whether the information returned is a paid or an unpaid result, a direct answer or any product, service or information offered in connection with the organic results, or displayed along with or partly or entirely embedded in them; |
(24) | ‘ data’ means any digital representation of acts, facts or information and any compilation of such acts, facts or information, including in the form of sound, visual or audiovisual recording; |
(25) | ‘personal data’ means personal data as defined in Article 4, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679; |
(26) | ‘non-personal data’ means data other than personal data; |
(27) | ‘ undertaking’ means an entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of its legal status and the way in which it is financed, including all linked enterprises or connected undertakings that form a group through the direct or indirect control of an enterprise or undertaking by another; |
(28) | ‘ control’ means the possibility of exercising decisive influence on an undertaking, within the meaning of Article 3(2) of Regulation (EC) No 139/2004; |
(29) | ‘ interoperability’ means the ability to exchange information and mutually use the information which has been exchanged through interfaces or other solutions, so that all elements of hardware or software work with other hardware and software and with users in all the ways in which they are intended to function; |
(30) | ‘ turnover’ means the amount derived by an undertaking within the meaning of Article 5(1) of Regulation (EC) No 139/2004; |
(31) | ‘ profiling’ means profiling as defined in Article 4, point (4), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679; |
(32) | ‘ consent’ means consent as defined in Article 4, point (11), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679; |
(33) | ‘ national_court’ means a court or tribunal of a Member State within the meaning of Article 267 TFEU. |
CHAPTER II
GATEKEEPERS
Article 8
Compliance with obligations for gatekeepers
1. The gatekeeper shall ensure and demonstrate compliance with the obligations laid down in Articles 5, 6 and 7 of this Regulation. The measures implemented by the gatekeeper to ensure compliance with those Articles shall be effective in achieving the objectives of this Regulation and of the relevant obligation. The gatekeeper shall ensure that the implementation of those measures complies with applicable law, in particular Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Directive 2002/58/EC, legislation on cyber security, consumer protection, product safety, as well as with the accessibility requirements.
2. The Commission may, on its own initiative or at the request of a gatekeeper pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article, open proceedings pursuant to Article 20.
The Commission may adopt an implementing act, specifying the measures that the gatekeeper concerned is to implement in order to effectively comply with the obligations laid down in Articles 6 and 7. That implementing act shall be adopted within 6 months from the opening of proceedings pursuant to Article 20 in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 50(2).
When opening proceedings on its own initiative for circumvention pursuant to Article 13, such measures may concern the obligations laid down in Articles 5, 6 and 7.
3. A gatekeeper may request the Commission to engage in a process to determine whether the measures that that gatekeeper intends to implement or has implemented to ensure compliance with Articles 6 and 7 are effective in achieving the objective of the relevant obligation in the specific circumstances of the gatekeeper. The Commission shall have discretion in deciding whether to engage in such a process, respecting the principles of equal treatment, proportionality and good administration.
In its request, the gatekeeper shall provide a reasoned submission to explain the measures that it intends to implement or has implemented. The gatekeeper shall furthermore provide a non-confidential version of its reasoned submission that may be shared with third parties pursuant to paragraph 6.
4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article are without prejudice to the powers of the Commission under Articles 29, 30 and 31.
5. With a view of adopting the decision under paragraph 2, the Commission shall communicate its preliminary findings to the gatekeeper within 3 months from the opening of the proceedings under Article 20. In the preliminary findings, the Commission shall explain the measures that it is considering taking or that it considers the gatekeeper concerned should take in order to effectively address the preliminary findings.
6. In order to effectively enable interested third parties to provide comments, the Commission shall, when communicating its preliminary findings to the gatekeeper pursuant to paragraph 5 or as soon as possible thereafter, publish a non-confidential summary of the case and the measures that it is considering taking or that it considers the gatekeeper concerned should take. The Commission shall specify a reasonable timeframe within which such comments are to be provided.
7. In specifying the measures under paragraph 2, the Commission shall ensure that the measures are effective in achieving the objectives of this Regulation and the relevant obligation, and proportionate in the specific circumstances of the gatekeeper and the relevant service.
8. For the purposes of specifying the obligations under Article 6(11) and (12), the Commission shall also assess whether the intended or implemented measures ensure that there is no remaining imbalance of rights and obligations on business_users and that the measures do not themselves confer an advantage on the gatekeeper which is disproportionate to the service provided by the gatekeeper to business_users.
9. In respect of proceedings pursuant to paragraph 2, the Commission may, upon request or on its own initiative, decide to reopen them where:
(a) | there has been a material change in any of the facts on which the decision was based; or |
(b) | the decision was based on incomplete, incorrect or misleading information; or |
(c) | the measures as specified in the decision are not effective. |
Article 14
Obligation to inform about concentrations
1. A gatekeeper shall inform the Commission of any intended concentration within the meaning of Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 139/2004, where the merging entities or the target of concentration provide core_platform_services or any other services in the digital_sector or enable the collection of data, irrespective of whether it is notifiable to the Commission under that Regulation or to a competent national competition authority under national merger rules.
A gatekeeper shall inform the Commission of such a concentration prior to its implementation and following the conclusion of the agreement, the announcement of the public bid, or the acquisition of a controlling interest.
2. The information provided by the gatekeeper pursuant to paragraph 1 shall at least describe the undertakings concerned by the concentration, their Union and worldwide annual turnovers, their fields of activity, including activities directly related to the concentration, and the transaction value of the agreement or an estimation thereof, along with a summary of the concentration, including its nature and rationale and a list of the Member States concerned by the concentration.
The information provided by the gatekeeper shall also describe, for any relevant core_platform_services, their Union annual turnovers, their numbers of yearly active business_users and their numbers of monthly active end_users, respectively.
3. If, following any concentration referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, additional core_platform_services individually meet the thresholds in Article 3(2), point (b), the gatekeeper concerned shall inform the Commission thereof within 2 months from the implementation of the concentration and provide the Commission with the information referred to in Article 3(2).
4. The Commission shall inform the competent authorities of the Member States of any information received pursuant to paragraph 1 and publish annually the list of acquisitions of which it has been informed by gatekeepers pursuant to that paragraph.
The Commission shall take account of the legitimate interest of undertakings in the protection of their business secrets.
5. The competent authorities of the Member States may use the information received under paragraph 1 of this Article to request the Commission to examine the concentration pursuant to Article 22 of Regulation (EC) No 139/2004.
Article 31
Periodic penalty payments
1. The Commission may adopt a decision imposing on undertakings, including gatekeepers where applicable, and associations of undertakings periodic penalty payments not exceeding 5 % of the average daily worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year per day, calculated from the date set by that decision, in order to compel them:
(a) | to comply with the measures specified by the Commission in a decision adopted pursuant to Article 8(2); |
(b) | to comply with the decision pursuant to Article 18(1); |
(c) | to supply correct and complete information within the time limit required by a request for information made by decision pursuant to Article 21; |
(d) | to ensure access to data, algorithms and information about testing in response to a request made pursuant to Article 21(3) and to supply explanations on those as required by a decision pursuant to Article 21; |
(e) | to submit to an inspection which was ordered by a decision taken pursuant to Article 23; |
(f) | to comply with a decision ordering interim measures taken pursuant to Article 24; |
(g) | to comply with commitments made legally binding by a decision pursuant to Article 25(1); |
(h) | to comply with a decision pursuant to Article 29(1). |
2. Where the undertakings, or associations of undertakings, have satisfied the obligation which the periodic penalty payment was intended to enforce, the Commission may adopt an implementing act, setting the definitive amount of the periodic penalty payment at a figure lower than that which would arise under the original decision. That implementing act shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 50(2).
Article 54
Entry into force and application
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
It shall apply from 2 May 2023.
However, Article 3(6) and (7) and Articles 40, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 shall apply from 1 November 2022 and Article 42 and Article 43 shall apply from 25 June 2023.
Nevertheless, if the date of 25 June 2023 precedes the date of application referred to in the second paragraph of this Article, the application of Article 42 and Article 43 shall be postponed until the date of application referred to in the second paragraph of this Article.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Strasbourg, 14 September 2022.
For the European Parliament
The President
R. METSOLA
For the Council
The President
M. BEK
(1) OJ C 286, 16.7.2021, p. 64.
(2) OJ C 440, 29.10.2021, p. 67.
(3) Position of the European Parliament of 5 July 2022 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of 18 July 2022.
(4) Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC ( General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1).
(5) Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on promoting fairness and transparency for business_users of online_intermediation_services (OJ L 186, 11.7.2019, p. 57).
(6) Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, p. 37).
(7) Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Unfair Commercial Practices Directive’) (OJ L 149, 11.6.2005, p. 22).
(8) Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) (OJ L 95, 15.4.2010, p. 1).
(9) Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment_services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC (OJ L 337, 23.12.2015, p. 35).
(10) Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (OJ L 130, 17.5.2019, p. 92).
(11) Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements for products and services (OJ L 151, 7.6.2019, p. 70).
(12) Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts (OJ L 95, 21.4.1993, p. 29).
(13) Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services (OJ L 241, 17.9.2015, p. 1).
(14) Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (OJ L 321, 17.12.2018, p. 36).
(15) Directive (EU) 2016/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2016 on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies (OJ L 327, 2.12.2016, p. 1).
(16) Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by the Member States of the Commission's exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13).
(17) Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39).
(18) Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty (OJ L 1, 4.1.2003, p. 1).
(19) OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1.
(20) Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law (OJ L 305, 26.11.2019, p. 17).
(21) Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC (OJ L 409, 4.12.2020, p. 1).
(22) OJ C 147, 26.4.2021, p. 4.
(23) Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation) (OJ L 24, 29.1.2004, p. 1).
(24) Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union (OJ L 194, 19.7.2016, p. 1).
ANNEX
A. ‘ General’
1. | This Annex aims at specifying the methodology for identifying and calculating the ‘active end_users’ and the ‘active business_users’ for each core_platform_service listed in Article 2, point (2). It provides a reference to enable an undertaking to assess whether its core_platform_services meet the quantitative thresholds set out in Article 3(2), point (b) and would therefore be presumed to meet the requirement in Article 3(1), point (b). Such reference will therefore equally be of relevance to any broader assessment under Article 3(8). It is the responsibility of the undertaking to come to the best approximation possible in line with the common principles and specific methodology set out in this Annex. Nothing in this Annex precludes the Commission, within the time limits laid down in the relevant provisions of this Regulation, from requiring the undertaking providing core_platform_services to provide any information necessary to identify and calculate the ‘active end_users’ and the ‘active business_users’. Nothing in this Annex should constitute a legal basis for tracking users. The methodology contained in this Annex is also without prejudice to any of the obligations laid down in this Regulation, notably in Article 3(3) and (8) and Article 13(3). In particular, the required compliance with Article 13(3) also means identifying and calculating ‘active end_users’ and ‘active business_users’ based either on a precise measurement or on the best approximation available, in line with the actual identification and calculation capacities that the undertaking providing core_platform_services possesses at the relevant point in time. Those measurements or the best approximation available shall be consistent with, and include, those reported under Article 15. |
2. | Article 2, points (20) and (21) set out the definitions of ‘ end_user’ and ‘ business_user’, which are common to all core_platform_services. |
3. | In order to identify and calculate the number of ‘active end_users’ and ‘active business_users’, this Annex refers to the concept of ‘unique users’. The concept of ‘unique users’ encompasses ‘active end_users’ and ‘active business_users’ counted only once, for the relevant core_platform_service, over the course of a specified time period (i.e. month in case of ‘active end_users’ and year in case of ‘active business_users’), no matter how many times they engaged with the relevant core_platform_service over that period. This is without prejudice to the fact that the same natural or legal person can simultaneously constitute an ‘active end_user’ or an ‘active business_user’ for different core_platform_services. |
B. ‘Active end_users’
1. | The number of ‘unique users’ as regards ‘active end_users’ shall be identified according to the most accurate metric reported by the undertaking providing any of the core_platform_services, specifically:
|
2. | The number of ‘monthly active end_users’ is based on the average number of monthly active end_users throughout the largest part of the financial year. The notion ‘the largest part of the financial year’ is intended to allow an undertaking providing core_platform_services to discount outlier figures in a given year. Outlier figures inherently mean figures that fall significantly outside the normal and foreseeable figures. An unforeseen peak or drop in user engagement that occurred during a single month of the financial year is an example of what could constitute such outlier figures. Figures related to annually recurring occurrences, such as annual sales promotions, are not outlier figures. |
C. ‘Active business_users’
The number of ‘unique users’ as regards ‘active business_users’ is to be determined, where applicable, at the account level with each distinct business account associated with the use of a core_platform_service provided by the undertaking constituting one unique business_user of that respective core_platform_service. If the notion of ‘business account’ does not apply to a given core_platform_service, the relevant undertaking providing core_platform_services shall determine the number of unique business_users by referring to the relevant undertaking.
D. ‘ Submission_of_information’
1. | The undertaking submitting to the Commission pursuant to Article 3(3) information concerning the number of active end_users and active business_users per core_platform_service shall be responsible for ensuring the completeness and accuracy of that information. In that regard:
|
2. | For the purpose of calculating the number of ‘active end_users’ and ‘active business_users’:
|
E. ‘ Specific_definitions’
The table below sets out specific definitions of ‘active end_users’ and ‘active business_users’ for each core_platform_service.
Core platform services | Active end_users | Active business_users |
Online intermediation services | Number of unique end_users who engaged with the online intermediation service at least once in the month for example through actively logging-in, making a query, clicking or scrolling or concluded a transaction through the online intermediation service at least once in the month. | Number of unique business_users who had at least one item listed in the online intermediation service during the whole year or concluded a transaction enabled by the online intermediation service during the year. |
Online search engines | Number of unique end_users who engaged with the online_search_engine at least once in the month, for example through making a query. | Number of unique business_users with business websites (i.e. website used in commercial or professional capacity) indexed by or part of the index of the online_search_engine during the year. |
Online social networking services | Number of unique end_users who engaged with the online_social_networking_service at least once in the month, for example through actively logging-in, opening a page, scrolling, clicking, liking, making a query, posting or commenting. | Number of unique business_users who have a business listing or business account in the online_social_networking_service and have engaged in any way with the service at least once during the year, for example through actively logging-in, opening a page, scrolling, clicking, liking, making a query, posting, commenting or using its tools for businesses. |
Video-sharing platform services | Number of unique end_users who engaged with the video-sharing_platform_service at least once in the month, for example through playing a segment of audiovisual content, making a query or uploading a piece of audiovisual content, notably including user-generated videos. | Number of unique business_users who provided at least one piece of audiovisual content uploaded or played on the video-sharing_platform_service during the year. |
Number-independent interpersonal communication services | Number of unique end_users who initiated or participated in any way in a communication through the number-independent interpersonal communication service at least once in the month. | Number of unique business_users who used a business account or otherwise initiated or participated in any way in a communication through the number-independent interpersonal communication service to communicate directly with an end_user at least once during the year. |
Operating systems | Number of unique end_users who utilised a device with the operating_system, which has been activated, updated or used at least once in the month. | Number of unique developers who published, updated or offered at least one software_application or software program using the programming language or any software development tools of, or running in any way on, the operating_system during the year. |
Virtual assistant | Number of unique end_users who engaged with the virtual_assistant in any way at least once in the month, such as for example through activating it, asking a question, accessing a service through a command or controlling a smart home device. | Number of unique developers who offered at least one virtual_assistant software_application or a functionality to make an existing software_application accessible through the virtual_assistant during the year. |
Web browsers | Number of unique end_users who engaged with the web_browser at least once in the month, for example through inserting a query or website address in the URL line of the web_browser. | Number of unique business_users whose business websites (i.e. website used in commercial or professional capacity) have been accessed via the web_browser at least once during the year or who offered a plug-in, extension or add-ons used on the web_browser during the year. |
Cloud computing services | Number of unique end_users who engaged with any cloud_computing_services from the relevant provider of cloud_computing_services at least once in the month, in return for any type of remuneration, regardless of whether this remuneration occurs in the same month. | Number of unique business_users who provided any cloud_computing_services hosted in the cloud infrastructure of the relevant provider of cloud_computing_services during the year. |
Online advertising services | For proprietary sales of advertising space: Number of unique end_users who were exposed to an advertisement impression at least once in the month. For advertising intermediation services (including advertising networks, advertising exchanges and any other advertising intermediation services): Number of unique end_users who were exposed to an advertisement impression which triggered the advertising intermediation service at least once in the month. | For proprietary sales of advertising space: Number of unique advertisers who had at least one advertisement impression displayed during the year. For advertising intermediation services (including advertising networks, advertising exchanges and any other advertising intermediation services): Number of unique business_users (including advertisers, publishers or other intermediators) who interacted via or were served by the advertising intermediation service during the year. |